Compuestos fenólicos totales en hojas de Neem (Azadirachta indica) del Norte Peruano: Efectos del secado y extracción asistida por ultrasonidos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57063/ricay.v3i3.118Keywords:
Compuestos bioactivos, compuestos fenólicos, EAU, Frecuencia, kHz, extracción convencionalAbstract
Las hojas de Azadirachta indica (Neem) son reconocidas por sus propiedades bioactivas. Este estudio evaluó el impacto de la temperatura de secado y la extracción asistida por ultrasonidos (EAU) en el contenido fenólico total de las hojas de Neem del norte del Perú. Métodos: Se recolectaron hojas de Neem del campus de la Universidad Nacional de Frontera. Estas se lavaron, secaron a temperaturas controladas (50, 60, 70 y 80 °C), molieron y almacenaron. La EAU se realizó utilizando etanol al 96% (2:40 p/v), frecuencias de 37 y 80 kHz durante 20, 30 y 40 minutos. También se realizó una extracción convencional por agitación para comparación. El contenido fenólico total se cuantificó usando el método de Folin-Ciocalteu. Se empleó un diseño factorial 4x2x3, analizando los datos mediante ANOVA y prueba de Tukey. Resultados: La temperatura de secado y las condiciones del ultrasonido influyeron significativamente en el contenido fenólico total. El mayor contenido (2177.3 ± 50.5 mg de GAE/100 g de hoja) se obtuvo con secado a 50 °C y ultrasonido a 37 kHz durante 30 minutos. El contenido más bajo se registró a 80 °C de secado y ultrasonido a 80 kHz por 20 minutos. Discusión: Los resultados sugieren que temperaturas de secado más bajas y tiempos de ultrasonido moderados son más efectivos para preservar los compuestos fenólicos en las hojas de Neem. La EAU es una alternativa prometedora para la obtención de extractos bioactivos que podrían emplearse para el desarrollo de ingredientes o envases funcionales. Se requieren más estudios para optimizar el proceso.
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